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This monograph summarizes and extends a number of results on the topology of trigonal curves in geometrically ruled surfaces. An emphasis is given to various applications of the theory to a few related areas, most notably singular plane curves of small degree, elliptic surfaces, and Lefschetz fibrations (both complex and real), and Hurwitz equivalence of braid monodromy factorizations. The approach relies on a close relation between trigonal curves/elliptic surfaces, a certain class of ribbon graphs, and subgroups of the modular group, which provides a combinatorial framework for the study of geometric objects. A brief summary of the necessary auxiliary results and techniques used and a background of the principal problems dealt with are included in the text. The book is intended to researchers and graduate students in the field of topology of complex and real algebraic varieties.

Curves, Plane. --- Topological degree. --- Curves, Plane --- Topological degree --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Geometry --- Degree, Topological --- Degree (Topology) --- Degree theory --- Algebraic topology --- Higher plane curves --- Plane curves --- Braid Monodromy. --- Dessin d’Enfant. --- Elliptic Surface. --- Fundamental Group. --- Lefschetz Fibration. --- Modular Group. --- Monodromy Factorization. --- Plane Sextic. --- Real Variety. --- Trigonal Curve.

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Intended for researchers in Riemann surfaces, this volume summarizes a significant portion of the work done in the field during the years 1966 to 1971.

Riemann surfaces --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Calculus --- Surfaces, Riemann --- Functions --- Congresses --- Differential geometry. Global analysis --- RIEMANN SURFACES --- congresses --- Congresses. --- MATHEMATICS / Calculus. --- Affine space. --- Algebraic function field. --- Algebraic structure. --- Analytic continuation. --- Analytic function. --- Analytic set. --- Automorphic form. --- Automorphic function. --- Automorphism. --- Beltrami equation. --- Bernhard Riemann. --- Boundary (topology). --- Canonical basis. --- Cartesian product. --- Clifford's theorem. --- Cohomology. --- Commutative diagram. --- Commutative property. --- Complex multiplication. --- Conformal geometry. --- Conformal map. --- Coset. --- Degeneracy (mathematics). --- Diagram (category theory). --- Differential geometry of surfaces. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dirichlet boundary condition. --- Eigenfunction. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Eisenstein series. --- Euclidean space. --- Existential quantification. --- Explicit formulae (L-function). --- Exterior (topology). --- Finsler manifold. --- Fourier series. --- Fuchsian group. --- Function (mathematics). --- Generating set of a group. --- Group (mathematics). --- Hilbert space. --- Holomorphic function. --- Homeomorphism. --- Homology (mathematics). --- Homotopy. --- Hyperbolic geometry. --- Hyperbolic group. --- Identity matrix. --- Infimum and supremum. --- Inner automorphism. --- Intersection (set theory). --- Intersection number (graph theory). --- Isometry. --- Isomorphism class. --- Isomorphism theorem. --- Kleinian group. --- Limit point. --- Limit set. --- Linear map. --- Lorentz group. --- Mapping class group. --- Mathematical induction. --- Mathematics. --- Matrix (mathematics). --- Matrix multiplication. --- Measure (mathematics). --- Meromorphic function. --- Metric space. --- Modular group. --- Möbius transformation. --- Number theory. --- Osgood curve. --- Parity (mathematics). --- Partial isometry. --- Poisson summation formula. --- Pole (complex analysis). --- Projective space. --- Quadratic differential. --- Quadratic form. --- Quasiconformal mapping. --- Quotient space (linear algebra). --- Quotient space (topology). --- Riemann mapping theorem. --- Riemann sphere. --- Riemann surface. --- Riemann zeta function. --- Scalar multiplication. --- Scientific notation. --- Selberg trace formula. --- Series expansion. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Square-integrable function. --- Subgroup. --- Teichmüller space. --- Theorem. --- Topological manifold. --- Topological space. --- Uniformization. --- Unit disk. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Riemann, Surfaces de --- RIEMANN SURFACES - congresses --- Fonctions d'une variable complexe --- Surfaces de riemann

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We use addition on a daily basis-yet how many of us stop to truly consider the enormous and remarkable ramifications of this mathematical activity? Summing It Up uses addition as a springboard to present a fascinating and accessible look at numbers and number theory, and how we apply beautiful numerical properties to answer math problems. Mathematicians Avner Ash and Robert Gross explore addition's most basic characteristics as well as the addition of squares and other powers before moving onward to infinite series, modular forms, and issues at the forefront of current mathematical research.Ash and Gross tailor their succinct and engaging investigations for math enthusiasts of all backgrounds. Employing college algebra, the first part of the book examines such questions as, can all positive numbers be written as a sum of four perfect squares? The second section of the book incorporates calculus and examines infinite series-long sums that can only be defined by the concept of limit, as in the example of 1+1/2+1/4+. . .=? With the help of some group theory and geometry, the third section ties together the first two parts of the book through a discussion of modular forms-the analytic functions on the upper half-plane of the complex numbers that have growth and transformation properties. Ash and Gross show how modular forms are indispensable in modern number theory, for example in the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.Appropriate for numbers novices as well as college math majors, Summing It Up delves into mathematics that will enlighten anyone fascinated by numbers.

Number theory. --- Mathematics --- Number study --- Numbers, Theory of --- Algebra --- Absolute value. --- Addition. --- Analytic continuation. --- Analytic function. --- Automorphic form. --- Axiom. --- Bernoulli number. --- Big O notation. --- Binomial coefficient. --- Binomial theorem. --- Book. --- Calculation. --- Chain rule. --- Coefficient. --- Complex analysis. --- Complex number. --- Complex plane. --- Computation. --- Congruence subgroup. --- Conjecture. --- Constant function. --- Constant term. --- Convergent series. --- Coprime integers. --- Counting. --- Cusp form. --- Determinant. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Dirichlet series. --- Division by zero. --- Divisor. --- Elementary proof. --- Elliptic curve. --- Equation. --- Euclidean geometry. --- Existential quantification. --- Exponential function. --- Factorization. --- Fourier series. --- Function composition. --- Fundamental domain. --- Gaussian integer. --- Generating function. --- Geometric series. --- Geometry. --- Group theory. --- Hecke operator. --- Hexagonal number. --- Hyperbolic geometry. --- Integer factorization. --- Integer. --- Line segment. --- Linear combination. --- Logarithm. --- Mathematical induction. --- Mathematician. --- Mathematics. --- Matrix group. --- Modular form. --- Modular group. --- Natural number. --- Non-Euclidean geometry. --- Parity (mathematics). --- Pentagonal number. --- Periodic function. --- Polynomial. --- Power series. --- Prime factor. --- Prime number theorem. --- Prime number. --- Pythagorean theorem. --- Quadratic residue. --- Quantity. --- Radius of convergence. --- Rational number. --- Real number. --- Remainder. --- Riemann surface. --- Root of unity. --- Scientific notation. --- Semicircle. --- Series (mathematics). --- Sign (mathematics). --- Square number. --- Square root. --- Subgroup. --- Subset. --- Sum of squares. --- Summation. --- Taylor series. --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Transfinite number. --- Triangular number. --- Two-dimensional space. --- Unique factorization domain. --- Upper half-plane. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector space.

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The application by Fadeev and Pavlov of the Lax-Phillips scattering theory to the automorphic wave equation led Professors Lax and Phillips to reexamine this development within the framework of their theory. This volume sets forth the results of that work in the form of new or more straightforward treatments of the spectral theory of the Laplace-Beltrami operator over fundamental domains of finite area; the meromorphic character over the whole complex plane of the Eisenstein series; and the Selberg trace formula.CONTENTS: 1. Introduction. 2. An abstract scattering theory. 3. A modified theory for second order equations with an indefinite energy form. 4. The Laplace-Beltrami operator for the modular group. 5. The automorphic wave equation. 6. Incoming and outgoing subspaces for the automorphic wave equations. 7. The scattering matrix for the automorphic wave equation. 8. The general case. 9. The Selberg trace formula.

Harmonic analysis. Fourier analysis --- Automorphic functions --- Scattering (Mathematics) --- Fonctions automorphes --- Dispersion (Mathématiques) --- Automorphic functions. --- Scattering (Mathematics). --- Dispersion (Mathématiques) --- Selberg, Formule de trace de --- Selberg trace formula --- Eisenstein series --- Eisenstein, Séries d' --- Scattering theory (Mathematics) --- Boundary value problems --- Differential equations, Partial --- Scattering operator --- Fuchsian functions --- Functions, Automorphic --- Functions, Fuchsian --- Functions of several complex variables --- Absolute continuity. --- Algebra. --- Analytic continuation. --- Analytic function. --- Annulus (mathematics). --- Asymptotic distribution. --- Automorphic function. --- Bilinear form. --- Boundary (topology). --- Boundary value problem. --- Bounded operator. --- Calculation. --- Cauchy sequence. --- Change of variables. --- Complex plane. --- Conjugacy class. --- Convolution. --- Cusp neighborhood. --- Cyclic group. --- Derivative. --- Differential equation. --- Differential operator. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dimensional analysis. --- Dirichlet integral. --- Dirichlet series. --- Eigenfunction. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Eisenstein series. --- Elliptic operator. --- Elliptic partial differential equation. --- Equation. --- Equivalence class. --- Even and odd functions. --- Existential quantification. --- Explicit formula. --- Explicit formulae (L-function). --- Exponential function. --- Fourier transform. --- Function space. --- Functional analysis. --- Functional calculus. --- Fundamental domain. --- Harmonic analysis. --- Hilbert space. --- Hyperbolic partial differential equation. --- Infinitesimal generator (stochastic processes). --- Integral equation. --- Integration by parts. --- Invariant subspace. --- Laplace operator. --- Laplace transform. --- Lebesgue measure. --- Linear differential equation. --- Linear space (geometry). --- Matrix (mathematics). --- Maximum principle. --- Meromorphic function. --- Modular group. --- Neumann boundary condition. --- Norm (mathematics). --- Null vector. --- Number theory. --- Operator theory. --- Orthogonal complement. --- Orthonormal basis. --- Paley–Wiener theorem. --- Partial differential equation. --- Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics). --- Perturbation theory. --- Primitive element (finite field). --- Principal component analysis. --- Projection (linear algebra). --- Quadratic form. --- Removable singularity. --- Representation theorem. --- Resolvent set. --- Riemann hypothesis. --- Riemann surface. --- Riemann zeta function. --- Riesz representation theorem. --- Scatter matrix. --- Scattering theory. --- Schwarz reflection principle. --- Selberg trace formula. --- Self-adjoint. --- Semigroup. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Spectral theory. --- Subgroup. --- Subsequence. --- Summation. --- Support (mathematics). --- Theorem. --- Trace class. --- Trace formula. --- Unitary operator. --- Wave equation. --- Weighted arithmetic mean. --- Winding number. --- Eisenstein, Séries d'. --- Analyse harmonique